[wvns] Reading Islam's holy book
In the second of his Ramadan series of articles, Eric Walberg looks at
the Quran in English
Reading Islam's holy book
Eric Walberg
www.geocities.com/walberg2002/
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/863/cu7.htm
Hilali/Khan translation of Al-Fatiha (The opening): In the Name of
Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (1) All the praises and
thanks be to Allah, the Lord of the Alamin (mankind, jinns and all
that exists). (2) The Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (3) The Only
Owner (and the Only Ruling Judge) of the Day of Recompense (i.e. the
Day of Resurrection) (4) You (Alone) we worship, and You (Alone) we
ask for help (for each and everything). (5) Guide us to the Straight
Way (6) The Way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not
(the way) of those who earned Your Anger (such as the Jews), nor of
those who went astray (such as the Christians)(7)
The great conundrum of Islam for the non- Arabic speaker is: Can
the sacred text be translated without losing its sacredness? Is the
true meaning "lost in the translation"?
Translations of the untranslatable abound: probably close to a
hundred by now, with new ones appearing all the time. Of course, the
Quran should be read in Arabic, for many reasons: according to the
Prophet himself, for the magic of the sounds and the power of
recitation of the poetic language, perhaps simply as a mountain to be
climbed for the faithful. But fewer than 20 percent of Muslims speak
Arabic, so most Muslims can study the text only in translation. The
process began soon after Mohammed died: the first being of the Fatiha
into Persian by Salman Al-Farasi, one of the Prophet's dearest
companions. The first Western translation -- into Latin in 1143 by the
English monk Robert of Ketton -- was a belated recognition by the then
crusading Catholic church of the need to understand the enemy, and was
intended as a refutation.
By the 18th c there was an increase in Western translations of the
Quran, reflecting the ascendancy of the West in the dunya and its need
to penetrate, understand, convert and/or conquer its great rival.
Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, offered the first
English version in 1649, The Alcoran of Mahomet translated out of
Arabique into French, by the Sieur Du Ryer...And newly Englished, for
the satisfaction for all that desire to look into the Turkish
vanities, "that so viewing thine enemies in their full body, thou must
the better prepare to encounter his Alcoran."
George Sale, a lawyer and corrector of the Society to Promote
Christian Knowledge's Arabic New Testament translation, brought out
The Al Koran of Mohammed in 1734, which until quite recently was the
most widely available English translation. Sale based his translation
on the 1698 Latin translation by Maracci, the confessor of Pope
Innocent XI. His exhaustive Preliminary Discourse claims the work is a
"manifest forgery", his interest to "effectually expose the imposture"
with rules for "the conversion of Mohammedans". Though there are
inaccuracies in the translation and an obvious bias on his part, he
grudgingly showed admiration for Islam and provided a respectful
rendition. It was republished in 1975 and is still available free on
the Internet.
By the 19th c, as the grip of Christianity weakened in the West, a
new appreciation of Islam took root. Whereas Dante assigned Mohammed
to the depths of hell, Goethe in East- West Divan writes: "the Koran,
at first disgusting us each time afresh, it soon attracts, astounds
and in the end enforces our reverence. This book will go on
exercising, through all ages, a most potent influence."
Edward Ross's 1877 preface to a new edition of Sale's translation
shows the advance in the understanding of Islam in the century and a
half since Sale: "What was good in Muhammadanism was entirely ignored,
and what was not good, in the eyes of Europe, was exaggerated or
misinterpreted. The central doctrine preached by Muhammad to his
contemporaries in Arabia, who worshipped the Stars, and the Turks, who
had no particular worship, was the unity of God, and that the
simplicity of his creed was probably a more potent factor in the
spread of Islam than the sword of the Ghazis. Through all the
vicissitudes of thirteen hundred years the Koran has remained the
sacred book of all the Turks and Persians and of nearly a quarter of
the population of India. Surely such a book as this deserves to be
widely read in the West, more especially in these days when space and
time have been almost annihilated by modern invention, and when public
interest embraces the whole world."
Unsympathetic translations persisted, however. Reverend J Rodwell
produced a translation in 1861, inventing the so-called chronological
sura order and requesting his missionaries to critique the Prophet's
revelation as resulting from "self-deception, catalepsy, or
hallucination." As late as 1937, University of Edinburgh Orientalist
Richard Bell produced a translation still attempting to rearrange the
text chronologically and arguing that the Quran was "actually written
by Muhammad himself".
Because of the increasing academic interest in Islam, there was a
blossoming of English translations among scholars in the 20th c, the
most notably being The Koran Interpreted by Cambridge Arabic scholar
AJ Arberry in 1957, probably still the best by a non-Muslim in terms
of both its approach and quality, the first non-Muslim to acknowledge
the orthodox Muslim view that the Quran cannot be translated, but only
interpreted.
NJ Dawood (Daud), an Iraqi Jew, produced a translation in 1956
which is still available in a Penguin edition and is perhaps the most
widely circulated non-Muslim English translation. The author's bias
against Islam is readily observable in the introduction and he adopted
an unusual sura order.
While it was Christian missionaries who spearheaded translations
of the Quran, followed by academics, Islam also encourages conversion,
and the increasing challenge of Christian missionaries around the
world naturally spurred Muslims into launching their own efforts to
make the sacred text more accessible to all. Indian Muslims were the
first from within the faith to translate the Quran into English. All
wrote at a time of British colonialism and intense missionary
activity. In the introduction to his 1912 translation Mirza Dehlawi
writes he was motivated consciously by a desire to give "a complete
and exhaustive reply to the manifold criticisms of the Koran by
various Christian authors such as Drs Sale, Rodwell, and Sir W Muir."
This early 20th c reaction spurred a lasting translation trend. In
1917, Muhammad Ali published his translation which was adopted by the
Nation of Islam, both under the stewardship of Elijah Muhammad and
current leader Louis Farrakhan. Ali's biases show through, however.
Consistent with his Lahori-Ahmadi creed, he sought to eschew any
reference to miracles; so, for instance, God's command to Moses
"Strike the rock with your staff" was changed to "March on to the rock
with your staff". The Quran makes frequent mention of jinn (spirits),
from which the English word genie is derived, whom Ali curiously
argues are the Jews and Christians. He also denies Jesus's virgin birth.
Muhammad Marmaduke William Pickthall, an English intellectual, son
of an Anglican clergyman, novelist, traveller, and educator, converted
to Islam in 1917 and published his translation in London in 1930. He
was the first Western translator to insist that the Quran was
untranslatable but that the general meaning of the text could still be
conveyed to English speakers. His work is now criticised for using
archaic, if elegant, prose, though it is nonetheless popular and still
available as a Penguin paperback. It provides scant explanatory notes
and background information, restricting its usefulness for an
uninitiated reader.
The most popular among the seven available at Amazon along with
Pickthall's and Hilali's (see below) is Abdullah Yusuf Ali's The Holy
Quran: Translation and Commentary, published in Lahore in 1937. He
sought to convey the music and richness of the Arabic with poetic
English versification. In 1989, Saudi Arabia's Ar-Rajhi banking
company financed the US-based Amana Corporation's project to revise
the Yusuf Ali translation to reflect an interpretation more in line
with Wahhabi thought. Ar-Rahji offered the resulting version free to
mosques, schools, and libraries throughout the world. The footnoted
commentary about Jews raised hackles in Zionist circles, and in April
2002 the Los Angeles school district banned its use at local schools;
however, Yusuf Ali's translation has not suffered and is still #8321
at Amazon. Whatever their respective merits, the enduring popularity
of Yusuf Ali and Pickthall is largely due to their extensive
distribution in Pakistan, India and Indonesia, where copyright laws
are ignored and cheap editions are snapped up by the huge
English-reading Muslim population.
Muhammad Taqiyuddin Al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan published
their Explanatory English Translation of the Holy Quran: A Summarized
Version of Ibn Kathir Supplemented by At-Tabari with Comments from
Sahih al-Bukhari in Chicago in 1977. Born in Morocco, Hilali taught at
Baghdad University and the Islamic University in Medina. Now the most
widely disseminated Quran in Islamic bookstores and Sunni mosques
throughout the English-speaking world, again with Saudi backing, this
new translation is meant to replace the Yusuf Ali edition and comes
with a seal of approval from both the University of Medina and the
Saudi Dar al-Ifta. It is highly criticised at Amazon and in US
academic circles for using the commentaries of Ibn Kathir and
Al-Bukhari who Mohammed Khaleel dismisses in the tendentious Middle
East Quarterly (Spring 2005) as being "medievalists who knew nothing
of modern concepts of pluralism". Khaleel blasts Hilali's translation
as "a supremacist Muslim, anti- Semitic, anti-Christian polemic" and
Amazon gives prominence to similar scathing reviews.
Muhammad Asad, né Leopold Weiss, a Jewish convert to Islam,
published The Message of the Quran in 1980. It is the most highly
praised of all available translations by readers at Amazon but is
criticised by Muslims as deviating from the viewpoint of the Muslim
orthodoxy on many counts. It is banned in Saudi Arabia. Asad denies
the occurrence of such events as the throwing of Abraham into the fire
and Jesus speaking in the cradle. He also regards Luqman, Khizr and
Zulqarnain as mythical figures.
Sayyid Abul Ali Maududi, founder of the Islamic Party (Jamaat
Islami) in Pakistan, published The Meaning of the Quran in Lahore in
1967. In advice to readers Maududi writes: "The Quran was not revealed
as a complete book at one and the same time; nor did Allah hand over a
written copy of it to Muhammad (peace be upon him) at the very
beginning of his mission and command him to publish it and invite
people to adopt a particular way of life. Moreover, it is not a
literary work of the common conventional type that develops its
central theme in a logical order; nor does it conform to the style of
such a work." Maududi thus provided introductions to each sura with
historical background and explanation of the text which is very useful
and is available online at the University of Southern California website.
The Internet has transformed Quranic studies, allowing you to pick
from among perhaps 50 translations, with dozens available free online,
including several heretical versions, which are interesting as
examples of the challenges that Islam faces in the 21st c. Rashad
Khalifa's The Quran: The Final Scripture, published in (of all places)
Tucson in 1978 is one such. Khalifa was an Egyptian chemist who
emigrated to Texas, where he undertook an extensive computer analysis
of the Quran beginning in 1968, claiming that he proved the divine
origins of the Quran via the number 19. He was stabbed to death in a
gruesome unsolved murder in 1990. His life and death are shrouded in
mystery and his writings and translation of the Quran, completely
rejecting the hadith (traditions associated with the Prophet) and
sunnah (actions attributed to the Prophet), have developed a cult
following.
Another just published, by Edip Yuksel, Layth Saleh al-Shaiban and
Martha Schulte-Nafeh, The Quran: A Reformist Translation, also rejects
the hadith, sunnah and tafsir (interpretation), dismissing them --
Khaleel at the Middle East Quarterly would no doubt agree -- as
"ancient scholarly interpretations rooted in patriarchal hierarchies.
It is time to remove the accumulated layers of man-made dogmas and
traditions that have attached themselves to the text."
Finally, Laleh Bakhtiar, a Chicago Sufi convert to Islam,
published The Sublime Koran this year, billed as the first translation
by an American woman and providing a woman's point of view. She
questions the conventional meanings of some of the Koranic concepts;
in particular, in 4:34 "daraba" is usually translated as "to beat",
supposedly condoning husbands beating recalcitrant wives, which
Bakhtiar translates as "to go away".
As a result of the availibitiy of multiple translations and
commentaries on the Internet and the revolution that blogging has
brought about, there is a rising tension between the traditional
guardians of Muslim orthodoxy and a new crop of secular educated
Muslims. But that is another story. Suffice it to say that these
revisionist translations, rejecting the accumulated wisdom of
centuries as outmoded, would mean dispensing with the works of the
great Islamic philosophers Al-Bukhari, Ibn Sina, Al-Farabi, Ibn Rushd,
Ibn Arabi, and Omar Khayyam, to name but a few. As Maududi argued, to
strip the Quran of its historical context is wrong; but to strip it of
its history is just as wrong. The hadith, sunnah and tafsir are part
of any educated Muslim's heritage, and can only enrich one's reading
of the Quran.
So which to choose from? This depends on your purpose. Downloading
from the Internet is no substitute to having your own personal copy.
And translations are only interpretations, so if you want to have the
definitive experience in reading the text, you must read it in Arabic.
In that case, your choice would be a bilingual edition where the
English is as literal as possible, striving to provide a neutral,
accurate translation with good tafsir (however patriarchal). In fact,
a literary translation gets in the way of the Arabic novice's efforts.
The Hilali text is easily available and adequate for this purpose,
provided free from the Conveying Islamic Message Society (CIMS) in
Alexandria in a user-friendly format in 30 durable paperback modules
(one for each day of Ramadan), making it possible to read and carry a
section comfortably. It has the extensive footnotes of important
hadith and tafsir which offend the likes of Khaleel at the Middle East
Quarterly, but we are all adults and can think for ourselves. CIMS
does a fine service for non-Arabic speakers, providing many books
about Islam free in many languages. It is a delight to get a post with
several books from them -- somehow it seems wrong to pay money for
one's spiritual sustenance. But it is possible to use Arberry,
Pickthall or many others as reference texts for your reading of the
Arabic original.
If you want a literary translation in English that aims to capture
the poetry, both rhyme as well as metre, of the Arabic there are
several works that attempt this in addition toYusuf Ali. Fazlollah
Nikayin published Quran, A Poetic Translation from the Original in
1999 though it is now out of print. The Meaning of the Holy Koran
Translated into English by Mohamed Hamed and Ahmad Hamid, completed in
2004 and awaiting publication, uses rhyme and metre to imitate the
spellbinding musical quality of the Arabic text (see caption). An
Egyptian doctor, Ahmad began the translation in 1933 and it was
completed by his son Mohamed, also a doctor. If you want to memorise
passages in English, this translation will be useful, as poetry is
easier to memorise than prose. Mohamed argues that "the Arabic
language is essentially a bicameral language, i.e., a language
addressing two chambers of cognition simultaneously, allegorical and
rational, so that a native Arabic translator has a distinct advantage
over an English speaker, and a poetic text helps the reader to get
closer to the experience of reading the text in Arabic."
We have no final answer to the original question: Is the
sacredness of the Quran translatable? Structuralists argue that
language itself is a human attribute, and question to what extent
something fixed in language can itself be sacred. They go so far as to
ask whether this total focus on the reading of the Quran (the literal
translation of Quran is "what is read"), where each word is the truth
and cannot be challenged, is itself not akin to idol worship. In the
Sufi tradition, the only truth is in heaven -- anything contaminated
by the dunya is a corruption. So just as the previous sacred texts,
the Torah and the Gospels, are criticised by Muslims as corrupted, our
reading of the Quran is inevitably corrupted by our limitations as
humans living in history, with our various traditions and conceptions
of the world muddying our sacred experience. Texts evolve as humans
and human societies evolve, whereas the written word is fixed in a
false worldly time (not heavenly eternal time).
While Islam has the advantage over Christianity and Judaism of
being more focussed on the direct connection between Allah and man,
some argue that the highly ritualised text- centric orthodox Islam can
act as a stumbling block in this -- the real -- religious experience.
Sufis are more laid back about the rituals of Islam, though no less
concerned with the religious experience itself. Ibn Arabi urged
followers when they pray to stay awake till they achieved a
dream-waking state where a glimpse of paradise could be found. Though
not a Sufi, Ibn Rushd argued in the 12th c that the prayers and
rituals are marginal to charity, the monotheistic vow itself and
pilgrimage. So to focus totally on finding the perfect translation is
missing the spiritual point. If one is focused on the spiritual
experience, just about any translation -- by Muslim or non-Muslim --
will do if used intelligently and with caution.
Then there is controversy between the monotheisms as to what
constitutes a sacred text. If only Jews and Christians could agree
that Jesus and Mohammed were prophets, a lot of problems would be
solved in an instant. But even then, Muslims believe that the earlier
revelations of prophets -- the Torah and the preaching of Jesus --
were neglected or corrupted by the Jews and Christians and have been
replaced by God's final and perfect revelation, the Quran. Jews and
Christians counter that the historical biblical archaeological record,
in particular the Dead Sea Scrolls, refutes this assertion, though it
is unlikely this issue will ever be resolved. However if the proof is
in the pudding, there is little doubt that the Quran wins hands down.
Any translation, any text for that matter, will inevitably reflect
the limitations of both transmitter, writer, translator and/or reader
in pursuit of the transcendental experience itself, which is beyond
any words and any language. Just making a more approachable or
enjoyable version is no guarantee that the reader will achieve
enlightenment. And are ever newer and newer translations really
necessary? But what more noble cause can a spiritually motivated
person dedicate his/her life and intellect to?
A few words of advice to new readers of the Quran:
THE QURAN presents various problems for the reader, especially a
reader unfamiliar with Islam and Islamic history. The text assumes
familiarity with many events from Jewish and Christian scriptures,
retelling some of these events in partial and distinctive ways, and
referring obliquely to others. It rarely offers detailed accounts of
historical events; the emphasis is typically on the moral significance
of an event, rather than its narrative sequence.
The revelation of the Quran began and went hand in hand with the
preaching of the message over a span of 23 years. The different parts
of the Quran were revealed step by step according to the many changing
requirements of the Islamic movement during these stages. It therefore
could not possibly possess the kind of coherence and systematic
sequence expected of, say, a scholarly treatise or a tightly organised
programme.
Moreover, the various fragments of the Quran, which were revealed
in harmony with the growth of the Islamic movement, were not published
in the form of written treatises, but were spread orally. Their style,
therefore, bears an oratorical flavor rather than the character of a
literary composition. This explains the many repetitions. The
interests of a message and a movement demand that during a particular
stage emphasis should be placed only on those subjects which are
appropriate at that stage, to the exclusion of matters pertaining to
later stages. As a result, certain subjects may require continual
emphasis for months or even years. Interestingly, this can just as
well apply to converts today, who may find the full programme of Islam
overwhelming at first.
When the Prophet's mission was completed, the chronological
sequence of the various parts of the Quran could in no way be suitable
to the changed situation. What was now required was a different
sequence in tune with the changed context resulting from the
completion of the mission. The order settled on was partly pragmatic
-- by size (from long to short), partly by theme (Islamic programme,
accounts of prophets end-times) and period of revelation (Medinah or
Makka).
There is also the structuralist and post-structuralist debate
about the structure and significance of the Quran. Norman O Brown
observes that the seeming "disorganisation" of Quranic literary
expression -- its scattered or fragmented mode of composition -- is a
literary device capable of delivering "profound effects, as if the
intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of
human language in which it was being communicated." Michael Sells, in
Approaching the Quran, also argues that the repetition in the Quran is
a valuable literary device: "The values presented in the very early
Meccan revelations are repeated throughout the hymnic suras. There is
a sense of directness, of intimacy, as if the hearer were being asked
repeatedly a simple question: What will be of value at the end of a
human life?"
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